Multinational Companies and Their Social Responsibilities...

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 AN OVERVIEW OF SHELL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY IN NIGERIA 2.1 Introduction This chapter will provide basic knowledge of Shell Nigeria Oil Company and its operation in Nigeria, in particular regarding its ethics, performance, social involvement, contribution to national income and its contribution to keeping the environment green. Since the Rio Conference of 1992 the code of conduct for all extractive industries including crude oil mining companies has underlined the following principles that should be respected in doing business: i. Social and economic development of host communities ii. Provision of basic social services iii. Regard for Human Rights iv. Good governance and civil society involvement. There have also been some†¦show more content†¦They want the protection of the ecosystem and biodiversity of indigenous and local community territories; iv. They want the revenue sharing formula based on derivation revived at 50 percent to derivation, 35 percent to distributable common pool and 15 percent to the central government; v. They want Shell and the Nigerian government to adopt policies that will recognize indigenous communities as rightful owners in the crude oil business; vi. They want Shell to clean up their environment after many years of ecological devastation and comply with all international standards. Shell environmental legacy and community relations’ efforts deserve priority attention. What is however involved is the totality of the existence of the communities and their environment, their farmland, economic development, education health, water management, spirituality and cultural heritage – which are daily being threatened. 2.2 Introduction and Discussion of Theories and Models from the Literature In this section we would look at the Royal Dutch Shell Oil company operations worldwide and in particular the Nigeria operations from several different angles. We will look at how Shell Nigeria operations can impact upon the three stakeholders; The CEO of Shell, an investor and a local Shell employee. Then we would look at this wicked problem with the oil spill in the Niger delta. Shell is a global group of

journeyhod Journey into Hell in Joseph Conrads Heart...

The Journey into Hell in Heart of Darkness In Joseph Conrads novel, Heart of Darkness the environment is often symbolic as well as literal. The novel contains both the frame narrator, an anonymous member of the Nellie, representing the dominant society, and more importantly the primary narrator, Marlow, who too, is a product of the dominant society. For the novels narrator, Marlow, the journey up the Congo River to the heart of darkness is reminiscent of Guidos journey into hell in Dantes Inferno, with these literary allusion always present, through forms of intense imagery. The landscape takes on a hellish nature and the wilderness is personified. Death is omnipresent and this is reflected in the death imagery used†¦show more content†¦Darkness is used throughout the novel to symbolize savagery, death and the unknown. Marlows observation is reinforced when London is described as a brooding gloom. In thisinstance the physical description of the city serves to reinforce Marlows theory, and refute the earlier judgments of the frame narrator. Marlow tells of his quest for employment, that is, an unnamed city in Brussels, the sepulchral city that he visits to sign his contract. Conrad uses much death imagery to describe the physical appearance of the city. He describes it: as having the appearance of a well kept alley in a cemetery. Marlow travels to the dead centre of the city. He observes grass sprouting between the stones just as grass sprouts between tombstones. This environmental imagery is symbolic of the hypocrisy that Marlow Witnesses, the exploitation that forms the basis of the company and the universality of death. All three interpretations of the applicability of the imagery are reasonable however, the death imagery also links to Marlows apprehension. Marlow says that he felt as if he had been let into some conspiracy. The death imagery associated with this, the first leg of Marlows journey on his way to his farthest point of navigation and culminating point of (his) experience is appropriate as it relates stro ngly to

Bel Canto Opera Essay - 2271 Words

Opera in the Romantic Period was a time when opera changed drastically, especially in the country of Italy. The recognition of singers as being important, almost irreplaceable, in the art of â€Å"bel canto† opera changed the idea of a vocalist in opera forever. A singer’s voice was prized and Italian composers, like Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini wrote operas and works to showcase the voice, it’s color, range and agility. These Italian composers were moving away from the normal style of composition of the time, and the composer Rossini, who set the stage for many other followers. Many of the operas written during this time are still performed today and are highly acclaimed. For the most part, before Italy became a main player, France†¦show more content†¦No longer was the orchestra the main component to listen to when attending an opera. Librettists and composers worked extremely close to get the right feel for arias and other pieces in the stor y. Bel Canto was a form of singing that was pretty much defined by three Italian composers: Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini. These three composers had huge success in Italy and their operas are still being performed to this day. These captivating operas like Il barbiere di Sivilglia, Lucia di lammermoor, and Norma are three of the most popular and challenging operas that singers can be involved in. These three composers really set the stage for the rise of Italian opera. Rossini is probably the most popular composer of this era. His works are many and are extremely popular. Rossini was born in Pesaro in 1792 and on December15th, 1815 when he was only twenty-three years old, he signed a contract to write an opera for a theater in Rome (Weaver, 11). His childhood friend, Gertrude Righetti Giorgi, premiered as Rosina in Rossin’s Il barbiere di Siviglia, on opening night for the Nobile Teatro di Torre Argentina (Weaver, 19). 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James Flynn s Creation Of The Flynn Effect - 925 Words

Alfred Adams Ms. D Psychology 3/15/16 Chapter 10 Intelligence Essay Intelligence is defined as the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. We can measure a person’s intelligence by assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes using numerical scores. Psychologists are currently still arguing whether intelligence is inherited or acquired. Nature is focuses more on genetics and hormones while. Nurture, on the other hand, focuses on external factors that have an influence on individuals. Regarding the intelligence debate in Psychology, the most important factor is nurture/environment. One piece of evidence that supports nurture in this debate is James Flynn’s creation of the Flynn†¦show more content†¦Hunt tested a tutored human enrichment program. This allowed caregivers to play language fostering games with the children. The results were successful showing infants being able to name over 50 objects and body parts. Hunt concluded that â€Å"environmental conditions can depress cognitive development.† This also occurs in many education systems around the world. Students are not cared for by under qualified teachers, destroying their chances of being more intelligent individuals. A third piece of evidence that supports nurture as being a more important factor of intelligence in this debate is racial groups differing in their average intelligence score. Around WWII more IQ tests were being given due to soldiers in the United States applying to serve their country. African Americans scored lower (typical Black scores below 85% of Whites) on the se tests containing vocabulary, reading, and mathematics. Test given to the soldiers around this time were extremely biased to Western-European culture. This shows that the black-white test gap is not related to nature entirely. When black and white children attend same schools the gap begins to shrink, proving that environment is a huge factor regarding intelligence. It shrinks when they have the same wealth and income. â€Å"When black or mixed-race children are raised in white rather than black homes, their preadolescent test scores rise dramatically.† (NewYorkTimes). There is too much evidence to prove the reasoning for

Motorola turns to project portfolio management free essay sample

What are some of the challenges Motorola faces as a business? Why is project management so critical at this company? Challenges: How to better manage its systems and its projects to lower operating costs. Why : a. Project management will be more competitive by entering a ruthless and constant evolving sector (Smartphone) and being more efficient on coordinating its IT (Multinational firm) b. Project management will be more cost efficient by coping with the economic downturn (by saving money and increasing efficiency) and it will better coordinate 1800 IS and 1500 IS employees for 1000 projects per year (avoiding redundant working) 2. What features of HP PPM were most useful to Motorola? Help managers to compare projects â€Å"Centralized source of other critical information such as the amount of investment dollars used by a process and the priorities of business requests coming through Motorola’s system† O? Quick and easy access to data O? Perform analysis O? What-if scenario planning tool O? Reduction of cost structure by 40% O? Reduction of IT support costs by 25% 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Motorola turns to project portfolio management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What management, organization, and technology factors had to be addressed before Motorola could implement and successfully use HP PPM? Before Motorola could implement and successfully use HP PPM, they have tackled factors in different fields such as: 2 Before HP PPM After HP PPM Management Eliminate â€Å"redundant silos of activity † to cut costs and increase productivity Manage many workers more easily and leading to efficiency(save time) Organization Prioritize resource usage Help managers compare proposals, projects and operation activities against budget an resource capacity levels Technology Automate processes, lower operating costs Quick and easy access with a centralized source of information 4. Evaluate the business impact of adopting HP PPM at Motorola. The business impact of adopting HP PPM at Motorola: O? Reduce cost by 40% O? 150% ROI O? IT support costs decreased by 25% Which responds to Motorola’s expectations Use a search engine to search for â€Å"IT portfolio management software† or â€Å"IT project management software† and find a competing offering to HP PPM. Then answer the following questions: 1. What makes this solution different from HP PPM? Solution: IBM Rational Focal Point The differences lies on: O? Software : Operating systems supported: Linux, Solaris (Sun microsystems), Windows family which leads to be compatible with all operating system O? Focuses on the market: Integrate enterprise architecture plans and project execution into portfolio management Which ensures enterprise and project-level decisions are aligned with financial and market needs 2. What types of companies is this solution best geared towards? 2 Most likely in the private sector: Non-limited companies and For-profit corporation 3. Find a case study of this solution in action. Did the company described in the case realize similar benefits to Motorola? For example: Direct-sales Multinationals Features: O? Direct-sales (Market- and business-driven product and portfolio management) O? Customer centered (collecting data for market research) O? Important board (project-level decisions, aligned with financial and market needs) O? Stock corporation( modeling financial and market impacts) Similar benefits: O? Development portfolio analysis process O? Fast O? Obtain more information

Century Poetry In Resisting Nationalism Essay Example For Students

Century Poetry In Resisting Nationalism Essay On the other hand, the fall of Leonia power and the rise of new nations began a new phase in human history; the post -colonial search for definitions and identities. Neither the World Wars nor the decentralization of nations were singular, one-time events, they kick-started long, difficult chains of socio-political change that were marked by events like Liberation Wars, Civil Wars, Communist Movements and the Cold War. Thus the 20th century witnessed not only independent events, but the beginning itself of a process of redefinition. If the events like the birth of new nations and the World War realigned he map of world politics, then the process they began was one of reconciliation. Over the last 120 years or so, reformers and thinkers have tried to reconcile three basic sets of contradictions or oppositions; that between the East and the West, that between the past and the present, and that between tradition and modernity. For some, the contradictions overlap, for others they are orthogonal. To many, traditions and the past seem synonymous, while to others, surrounded by traditions, they are very much a part of modernity, of the present. Amidst these oppositions (and moieties, binaries) of many kinds, as in all periods of conflict and searching, we have a rich body of 20th century poetry, representing both the East and the West, the new nations and the old, that try to make sense of changing world around them. In this essay, I shall try and focus on how 20th century poetry confronts and attempts to resist, or at the least critique, one of the most problematic and powerful concepts of this new, changing world; Nationalism. A good place to begin this discussion would be the works of Arbitrating Étagà ¨re (1861-1941), not as a poet, but as perhaps the SST influential socio-political theorist of Mindedness as we understand it. Étagà ¨re was writing extensively on Nationalism, in both his fiction and non-fiction, at a time when the idea of Nationalism was still a vague one at best to the leaders of the Indian freedom movement. Étagà ¨re recognized the need for a national ideology of India as a means of cultural survival and, at the same time, recognized that for the same reason, India would either have to make a break with the post-medieval Western concept of Nationalism or give the concept a new content. For Étagà ¨re, Nationalism itself became gradually illegitimate. As Ashes Andy observes, Over time, he observes in his works, the Indian freedom movement ceased to be an expression of only nationalist consolidation; it came to acquire a new stature as a symbol of the universal struggle for political Justice and cultural dignity. Étagà ¨re probably realized that an unseen-critical Indian Nationalism was gradually coming into being, primarily as a response to Western Imperialism, and, like all such responses, shaped by what it sought to respond to. Such a version of Nationalism could not but be limited by its time and origin. Etageres fear of nationalism, then, ere out of his experience of the record of anti-imperialism in India, and he attempted to link his concept of Mindedness with his understanding of the multi- cultural Indian civilization rather than a clinically defined Indian nation. As Andy puts it, did not want his society to be caught in a situation where the idea of the Indian nation would supersede that of the Indict civilization and lifestyle, where the actual lives of Indians would be assessed solely in terms of the needs of an imaginary nation-state called India. What was Etageres starting point in this matter of Nationalism against civilization? Does this relate only to colonial India, or will the analysis hold true even for an independent society ruled by its own nation-state, either created by the fall of colonial control or simply realigned by the impact of the World War? A post-World War I Germany, for instance, was in need of redefinition and reconciliation of immensely problematic socio-political binaries as much as a post- liberation East Pakistan, as marked by the rise and success of Doll Hitler in Germany, and on the Bash Andiron and subsequent Liberation War of Bangladesh, 1971. Étagà ¨re addresses these issues of change and reconciliation of the society estranged from civilization by ideas of Nationalism in his brief essay Nationalism (1917), where he does not focus on India alone, but comments on the general nature of the nation-state itself. Étagà ¨re distinguishes between governments by kings and human races (his term for civilizations) and governments by nations (his term for nation-states). He explicitly generalizes his critique of Nationalism by saying that government by the Nation is neither British nor anything else; it is an applied science. It is universal, impersonal, and for that reason completely effective. In his defense of the traditional civilization against modern nationalism, Étagà ¨re says, l am quite sure in those days (pre-colonial era) we had things that were extremely distasteful to us. But we know that when we walk barefooted upon ground strewn with gravel, our feet come gradually to adjust themselves to the caprices o f the inhospitable earth; while if the tiniest particle of gravel finds its lodgment inside our shoes, we can never forget and forgive its intrusion. These shoes are the Nation; they are tight, they regulate our steps with a closed-up system, within which our feet have only the slightest liberty to make their wan adjustments. Therefore, when you produce statistics to compare the number of gravels which our feet had to encounter in the former days with the paucity of the present regime, you hardly touch the real point The Nation forges its iron chains of organization which are the most relentless and unbreakable that have ever been manufactured in the whole history of man. Étagà ¨re reminds his non-Lillian audience too, that the dangers of Nationalism are as potent in the European nations as in the colonized Afro-Asian countries. He comments, Not merely the subject races, but you ho live under the delusion that you are free, are every day sacrificing your freedom and humanity to this fetish of Nationalism It is no consolation to us to know that this weakening of humanity is not limited to the subject races, and that its ravage s are more radical because it hypnotizes people into believing that they are free. Early 20th century poetry, specifically those written during the World Wars, demonstrate the acute awareness of this delusion that are free in European and Aimer poets. War Poetry provides a unique and powerful space for poetic creation; the battlefield. Both literally and figuratively, the battlefield acts as the perfect others a margin without any conception of what it is to demarcate, what it is to separate from what other, because the war itself is an act of defining the lines; geopolitical and socio-cultural. Consequently, the field of war makes it possible for poetry to create a new communicative index for ideas of Nationalism that both drive and a defined by the act of war. It often becomes essential for the war poet to critique t partisan nature of Nationalism, because the sense of disillusionment is more pot in someone who has actually served in the war, and it becomes difficult for ideological Nationalism to control their expression of doubts, in this case in the f of poetry. We find a clear articulation of this skepticism in the poetry of Philip Deed Thomas (1878-1917), one of the major Anglo-Welsh war poets during the World W In his poem This Is No Case Of Petty Right Or Wrong, he writes, This is no case of petty right or wrong/That politicians or philosophers/ Can Judge. I hate not Germ nor grow hot/ With love of Englishmen, to please newspapers/ Beside my hate for fat patriot,] My hatred of the Kaiser is love true-I A kind of god he is, banging a g But I have not to choose between the two/ Or between Justice and injustice. Too wrote this poetry after a famous public argument with his own father, a convention patriot who demonic the Germans. His main problem with the strand of Nationalism his father represents is its tendency to reduce any international rival to a binary to black-and-white, the tendency of martial British Nationalism during World War to define itself almost exclusively based on the tethering of the rival. Thomas was a British soldier h imself, and died in service during the Battle of Ear France, 1917. So when he uses poetry as a communicative medium for his understanding of martial, patriotic identity, it is understandably based on person experience of the soldiers life. What Thomas is articulating here is that the solid loyalty is neither unconditional nor a fragmentary concept, it is based on an object understanding of ones own position visa a visa that of an enemy solider; the loyalty the other to his own cause must be considered equivalent to the loyalty of the s Nationalism banks in on the alienation of this self from the other, and nowhere this indoctrination become more visible than in martial training. Ashes Andy, in Illegitimacy of Nationalism: Étagà ¨re and the Politics of Self (1993), explains this attempt to understand the other with reference to the character of Knishes in Etageres Share Bare. Andy says, Knishes believes that God is manifest in one own country and must be worshipped by the same logic, God must be manifest in other countries too, and there is no scope for hatred of them Such a manipulation requires, Étagà ¨re implies, symbols embedded in an exclusivity cultural-religious idiom His form of populism combines mob politics with realities. The patriotic Nationalism that Thomas is finds so acutely disturbing is nothing more than this same populism, this manipulation of a multi-cultural society, utilizing certain common ideas of hatred xenophobia for an external enemy, to unite them in a shallow, brittle conception Nation to be proud of. One might remember, in this context, a much later poem the Bengali poet Shasta Osteopathy (1933-1995) called Dud Shunne d. Addressing the acute awareness to HTH War Poetry provided battlefield Both literally AR d without any con tram what other. Cause and socio-cultural. Consent create a new communication defined by the act of war. I partisan nature of Nation in someone who has actual ideological to to poetry. Eve tint a clear Thomas one o In his poem This Is ND Case petty right our nor grow hot/ love of fat patriot. My hatred of TTT But have not to choose but wrote this poetry after ATA patriot who demounted Nationalism his father rep to d binary to black-and-w World War to denned Itself Thomas USA a British solid understanding of littoral. Experience of the soldiers loyalty is neither uncounted understanding of ones owe the other to ms own cause Nationalism hanks In on this indoctrination. On become Illegitimate_y of Nationalism attempt to understand the Etageres Share Bare Name awn country and must be reevaluates other countries MN ¶connation [of the symbols embedded in an corrosives politics Witt tells so acutely disturbing millionaire off multi-cult xenophobia for an external Untold TA be proud of. On the Bengali poet Shasta Chi idea of the binary, albeit from a more domestic, personal They go two ways, they go two ways/ Nobody goes Just on two lives apart/ Not lose a single one/ Its hard to find some sides/ By walls, running away/ From whatever is not/ All d this game/ My heart is split into two, and they remain/ In actual word is shunts which denotes zero, nothing and he richness of the concept explored here. ) Why this peer a shift to the personal is important (as in Sheaths poem) w we progress. Alasdair Maclean's poem Question and answer and Sonnet 43 by Elizabeth Barret Browning EssayGeorge Orwell (1903-1950) points out this subtle, manipulative nature of Nationalism, inseparable from ideas of power dynamics, in Notes On Nationalism; By nationalism I mean first of all the habit of assuming that human beings can be classified like insects and that whole blocks of millions or tens of millions of people can be confidently labeled good or bad. But secondly -? and this is much more important -? I mean the habit of identifying oneself with a single nation or other unit, placing it beyond good and evil and recognizing no other duty than that of advancing its interests Nationalism is inseparable from the desire for power. The abiding purpose of every nationalist is t secure more power and more prestige, not for himself but for the nation or other UN in which he has chosen to sink his own individuality. Thus, we can see why a grade shift to looking at the Nation as a personal perception, as we have discussed earlier, comes necessary in resisting an institution that seeks to sink own individuality. What then, should follow a poets shift to personal perception in his or her resistance of Nationalism? A creation of an alternate space, an alternate communicative index, becomes necessary, because the poets prerogative is not to counter an institution with another, but to exploit the gaps in the institution itself, creating a voice that, above everything else, resists. Resistance itself becomes an important tool in asserting the individual identity against the restraints of an institution; Just as an institution is in the constant process of imposing and restraining, the act of successful resistance itself too should remain constantly dynamic and prevent becoming a stagnant counter-institution itself. We have looked at poetry in the times of war and conflict so far, but to understand this resistance more clearly, poetry written in times of apparent peace should be investigated. In times of war, the institution of Nationalism becomes more visible, and war poetry has the advantage of addressing it more directly than most other genres of writing. However, in times of normalcy, the institution is as subtle as it can be, and poetry of resistance needs to be the most penetrative, the most acutely sensitive, to address and critique this system. One such practitioner of the poetry of resistance we will turn to here is Unbar Apothecary (1948-2014), the Bengali writer who remained, for the greater part of his life, committed to revolutionary and radical aesthetics. In resisting the machinery of the nation-state, Unbars literature remains one of the touchstones, both in its radical, often subversive content and its unorthodox style, among practitioners of Bengali literature. In his most famous poem Ii Impurity Pothook Mare Dash Ana, he articulates his idea of the nation as personal perception, This valley of death is not my nation/ This hangmans arena is not my nation/ This expansive cemetery is not my nation/ This bloodstained butchers yard is not my nation/ I will take back my nation again will not make peace with the alcohol poured over the back whipped bloody in the torture chamber/ I will not make peace with the electric shocks to the nude body, the ugly sexual torture/ I will not make peace with being lynched to death, the gun firing into the skull at point blank range/ Poetry overcomes all/ Poetry is armed, poetry is free, poetry is fearless/ Look at us, Makeovers, Hickman, Neared, Argon, Inward/ We have not let your poetry go to waste/ Rather, the whole Nation is now trying to form itself into an Epic/ Where all the rhymes will be composed in the rhythm of the guerilla warriors. Such is the personal imagination of the Nation for a poet who, when asked about his most prominent ideological belief, said, l am no longer anthropocentric in my belief system. It is Unbars break from thinking of the self as a structural and functional nit of an anthropocentric system that allows him the space to look at personal perception as unrestrained, uncorroborated and truly individual. It is not Just violence Unbar is critiquing in this poem, but the very act of defining the Nation (and consequently, Nationalism) on instruments and events tainted by this violence. Poetry, here, defines the self for Unbar. He looks at himself, above everything else, as a practitioner of poetry; This is the correct time for poetry/ Pamphlets, graffiti, stencils/ I could use my blood, my bones, my tears to create a collage/ Of poetry right owe/ At the shattered face of the sharpest pain/ In the face of terrorism, looking calmly into the headlights of the Van/ I could throw poetry into their faces right now/ Whatever the murderer possesses, the memories of 38 or anything else/ I could deny Individuality. What then, shoal her resistance to Nationalism? Communicative Index. Become: counter an institution with NC creating a voice that, above ewe important tool in asserting the Institution: just as an Institutes restraining, the act of successful dynamic and prevent becoming at poetry in the times of war a mare clearly, poetry relent in times to ovary. He institution of the advantage of addressing it However, in times of ;normalcy resistance needs to be the MO and critique this system. One turn to here is Unbar Bath for the greater part of his life, resisting ere machinery of the touchstones, both in its radical among practitioners of Bengali pothook Mare Dash Ana. He perception, This valley of dead nation, This expansive cemetery not my nation/ will take back poured over the back whipped With the electric shocks to the peace With being lynched to De Poetry overcomes all/ Poetry is Makeovers, Hickman, Neared, Rather, the whole Notion is no homes Hill be composed In the personal imagination of the In prominent Ideological belief. . System. It is Unbars break unit of an anthropocentric cyst perception as unrestrained, our Unbar is critiquing In this p consequently, Nationalism) on Poetry, here, defines the self FCC as a practitioner of poetry; The stencils/ I could use my blood, now/ At the shattered face of t calmly into the headlights of t? Whatever the murderer posse and write poetry right now. If his self, whose blood, b inseparable from the act of writing poet ry in his magi perception of the Nation for himself, that perception by poetry too. In other words, Unbars poetry is not Nation as such, but is trying to bring his personal peer same sphere as his perception of himself; both as Poe and tears form a collage of poetry, the Nation too, is t Epic; a union of the Nation and the self through the c as poetry, within the poets imagination, is achieved. T radical and revolutionary ideas, because we find else expression of the poetic self becoming the revolution potentially destructive power of creative imagination; the smell of blood/ Let poetry go up in flames like gun torches of poetry/ Let the Molotov cocktails of poetry/ poetry/ Crash into the desire of this fire! The idea of appears again in the poetry of the Bangladesh poet S especially in the well-known Buck Tara Bangladesh his idea of Nation as individual perception, he maps h the body of a young boy; the ultimate effect is not one Nation, but a reduction of the Nation to something that individual understanding; And he walks out naked in torso/ The sun scribbles unique slogans/ He walks at t and suddenly/ The hundreds of guns that patrol the s bullets not Nor Husseins breast, but the breast of Ban cries out like a deer trapped in a burning forest/ And t out of her body. The poetry of Normalized Gun (1945 lacing the identity of the Nation within individual co specific, in Swap, Nab-Bouzouki Sheikh, the dread a personal dream, an individual aspiration; When I gar petals of a sunflower, one at a time/ Shall blossom wit trapped inside the heart of my poetry/ And the grapes today/ Will become wine and intoxicate the Bangle of t then? (To digress momentarily, Guns use of the word nation is a cle ver, subtle pun, as Bangle also signifies mischievously echoing the Wine that intoxicates. These common in Guns poetry, and often provide much nee conclude this section, I shall mention Buddha Bas specifically his poem, Misjudged Kibitz. The quests here develops into one of active, constructive engage in understanding what Nationalism signifies to each o belief, but as a personal perception, And I know we w history is what chains us/ Oh, how else could we be FRR effortless union? / Union of the human with the human world/ And you are the proof of that union, you are the how the critique of Nationalism through poetry has SSH 20th century and beyond, not Just chronologically but perhaps also depending on the specific socio-cultural contexts. Resistance itself becomes an important feature of this system of critique; from the resistance of Nationalism as a partisan system that remotes what Jacques Lagan would call the overriding attitude of unmediated opposition, to the resistance of Nationalism as an institution itself in favor of personal perception, to the resistance of any kind of institution whatsoever in favor of locating the Nation within the poetic self. Of course, this is not a singular chain of events, nor does the process take place in a linear, consistent manner. But having looked at the different pieces of poetry chosen for this discussion, it would seem that the critique and resistance of Nationalism are inseparable from each other; a eroticism of the institution of Nationalism would invariably present itself as a process of resistance, because the very machinery of Nationalism dehumidifies and compartmentalizes, going against the basic nature of individual spirit, that tends to locate itself in the physical world. Poetry, always one of the most powerful instruments communicating the spirit of the personal, confronts this restraining nature of Nationalism and critiques it through a chain of resistance, ultimately culminating in the personal itself; to understand Nationalism is to resist Nationalism, s the only way possible for the concept of Nation to be compatible to the liberated human spirit is for the Nation to be located within the self.